In Kotlin, if is an expression, not just a statement — it can return a value:

val max = if (a > b) a else b

when — Kotlin’s more powerful switch

fun describe(score: Int): String = when {
    score >= 90 -> "Excellent"
    score >= 70 -> "Good"
    score >= 50 -> "Pass"
    else -> "Needs Improvement"
}

Loops

for (i in 1..5) {
    println(i)
}

val fruits = listOf("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry")
for (fruit in fruits) {
    println(fruit)
}

var count = 0
while (count < 3) {
    println("Count: $count")
    count++
}

1..5 is a range — inclusive of both ends. Use 1 until 5 if you want to exclude the last value.